Botulinum Toxins Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are among the most toxic substances known to man. Seven immunologically distinct serotypes of neurotoxin, designated types A through G (BoNT/A, BoNT/B, BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/E, BoNT/F, BoNT/G), have been identified. These botulinum neurotoxins are naturally produced complexed with one or more nontoxic neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs). NAPs are important to toxicity by ingestion in that they protect the neurotoxin from proteases, acidity, heat and they may also play a role in translocation across the mucosal layer. Synthesized as single 150 kDa polypeptide chains, the actual neurotoxin portion of the complex is subsequently activated by cleavage to produce two chains, a heavy chain and a light chain, which are linked by a single disulfide bond. For each toxin, the 50 kDa light chain is a zinc-dependent protease, which cleaves a single target protein essential for synaptic vesicle membrane fusion during neurotransmission. Neurotoxin types A, C, and E specifically bind to and selectively cleave the synaptosome-associated protein, SNAP-25 while types B, D, F and G cleave synaptobrevin-2, also known as VAMP-2. Cleavage of the target protein inhibits neurotransmitter release among neurons, which leads to muscular paralysis. Botulinum Neurotoxin Toxicity Each toxin is easily divided into three domains that reflect the three functions important for toxicity; binding, translocation, and cleavage of a specific substrate. The heavy chain is responsible for recognizing both a specific ganglioside and a specific protein receptor on the presynaptic membrane. The translocation domain portion of the heavy chain mediates the passage of light chain across the endosomal membrane and finally the target protein is cleaved by the enzymatic domain. Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Research Botulinum neurotoxins are valuable research tools in studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in vesicle trafficking and the extreme toxicity, as well as in gaining an understanding of the underlying events of synaptic transmission. In addition to studies with the 150 kD holotoxin, recombinant nontoxic heavy chains can be used to evaluate the binding properties of the toxins and the recombinant nontoxic light chains can be used to screen for inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the protease domain. Our Citations include information referencing the use of botulinum neurotoxins in research. Our Support Portal provides technical information on our botulinum products. Visit our blog to learn more about our products, services, and research. Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A (Chicken lgY) Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A (Chicken lgY) #730A Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A
(Mouse lgG monoclonal F1-40), Frozen Liquid Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type A (Mouse lgG monoclonal F1-40), Frozen Liquid #731L Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type B (Chicken lgY) Anti-Botulinum Neurotoxin, Type B (Chicken lgY) #736A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A
from Clostridium botulinum
or
QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A from Clostridium botulinum or QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A from Clostridium botulinum #130A, #130B Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex from Clostridium botulinum #128A, #128C Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain #612A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion #613A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant, GST Fusion Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Light Chain, Recombinant, GST Fusion #611A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Toxoid
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Toxoid from Clostridium botulinum #133L (Liquid) Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Complex, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Complex, Nicked, from Clostridium botulinum #138A, #138B Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain #622A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Heavy Chain, Recombinant, Binding Domain, GST Fusion #623A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Light Chain, Recombinant #620A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Toxoid
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B Toxoid from Clostridium botulinum #139 Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B, Nicked, from Clostridium botulinum #136A, #136B Botulinum Neurotoxin Type C Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type C Light Chain, Recombinant #625A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D Light Chain, Recombinant #630A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D, Nicked, Recombinant
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type D, Nicked, Recombinant from Clostridium botulinum #146A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Complex, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Complex, Nicked, from Clostridium botulinum #140A, #140B Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E, Nicked,
from Clostridium botulinum Botulinum Neurotoxin Type E, Nicked, from Clostridium botulinum #141A Botulinum Neurotoxin Type F Light Chain, Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type F Light Chain, Recombinant Calibration Fluorophore for VAMPtide® 540 Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin Calibration Fluorophore for VAMPtide® 540 Substrate for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin #549 Control Peptide for SNAPtide® 520 Substrate
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin Control Peptide for SNAPtide® 520 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin #525 GST Synaptobrevin-2 Protein Substrate
for C. botulinum Types B, D, and F GST Synaptobrevin-2 Protein Substrate for C. botulinum Types B, D, and F #510A Receptor forClostridium botulinumType A Neurotoxin, GST-SV2c luminal domain Receptor forClostridium botulinumType A Neurotoxin, GST-SV2c luminal domain #690B SNAP Etide® Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp)
for C. botulinum Type E Neurotoxin SNAP Etide® Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp) for C. botulinum Type E Neurotoxin #550 SNAP-25 Recombinant Protein Substrate
for C. botulinum Types A and E Neurotoxin SNAP-25 Recombinant Protein Substrate for C. botulinum Types A and E Neurotoxin #500A SNAPtide® Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin SNAPtide® Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL) for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin #521 SNAPtide® Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin SNAPtide® Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp) for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin #520 SNAPtide® Peptide Substrate flP6(DABCYL/5-IAF)
for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin SNAPtide® Peptide Substrate flP6(DABCYL/5-IAF) for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin #523 SYNTAXtide® (o-Abz/Dnp) Peptide Substrate
for C. botulinum Type C Neurotoxin SYNTAXtide® (o-Abz/Dnp) Peptide Substrate for C. botulinum Type C Neurotoxin #560 Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide® 520 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide® 520 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin #529 Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide® 521 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin Unquenched Calibration Peptide for SNAPtide® 521 Substrate for C. botulinum Type A Neurotoxin #528 VAMPtide® Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL) Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin VAMPtide® Peptide Substrate (FITC/DABCYL) Substrate for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin #541 VAMPtide® Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp) Substrate
for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin VAMPtide® Peptide Substrate (o-Abz/Dnp) Substrate for C. botulinum Type B Neurotoxin #540